King billy casino no deposit bonus offers and how the free credit is structured
A no-deposit credit is not a gift with no strings; it is a marketing tool with a fixed cost built into its rules from the first hour. Operators size the free amount so that the expected payout, after wagering and caps, sits close to what a small first deposit bonus would cost them. Typical structures fall into two shapes: a flat cash amount, often NZ$5-NZ$20, credited directly to a bonus balance, or a block of free spins, commonly 10-50, tied to one or two nominated pokies. Both shapes carry the same three limiting numbers discussed further below, and neither shape guarantees that the free funds convert into anything a player can actually bank. Among the operators listed on this page, Wildz and PlayOJO structure their new-player offers around a deposit-linked welcome package rather than a stand-alone no-deposit credit, while SkyCity, JackpotCity, Spin Casino, Ruby Fortune, Jonny Jackpot, Royal Panda, Betninja and Slotsdj vary in whether any pre-deposit credit appears at all, so the comparison table above should always be checked against the operator's own current terms before an account is opened. Wagering is what decides an offer's real value — our best online casino bonus NZ rundown compares the terms side by side. The same operators are compared from a different angle in the skycity online casino guide.
Which Best Online Casino sites give something before you deposit in New Zealand?
- NZ$10 free chipPick of the table — Betninja
- 9/10Sites running a no-deposit deal
- 40xLowest wagering on those offers
Figures in this table are an editorial estimate compiled for this comparison, not an operator quote — limits and timings change. Confirm in the cashier before you deposit. 18+.
King billy casino no deposit bonus eligible games and how each stake counts
Not every pokie or table game contributes equally towards a wagering target, and this is where a sizeable share of free spins value quietly disappears. Slots contribute at or near 100% of the stake in almost every operator's terms, which is why free spins are attached to specific pokies rather than to the whole catalogue. Live casino tables, blackjack, roulette and video poker typically count for a much smaller fraction, often 5-20%, because their house edge is lower and their volatility is easier to grind through with a large bankroll. Jackpot pokies are sometimes excluded outright, or capped at a reduced contribution rate, because a single spin can trigger a disproportionate prize relative to the stake wagered. Before accepting any free spins or free credit, the eligible-games list buried in the promotion terms needs a direct read, because a bonus that looks generous on the surface can become worthless if the only games a player enjoys carry a 10% contribution rate or are excluded from the wagering requirement altogether. Rules also frequently exclude Bonus Buy pokies, since these let a player skip straight to a feature round and effectively buy variance with bonus funds. Welcome packages across these operators are compared in best casino bonus NZ. For more context, see the best online casino NZ reviews guide.
The process and what each stage takes
Timings are the working values for this comparison; the stage that varies most between operators is marked in the table above.
- 1
Register the account3–5 min
Real name and date of birth must match the ID you will eventually upload — a mismatch is the single most common reason a no-deposit win is voided at the payout stage.
- 2
Confirm email and phone2–10 min
Most no-deposit offers unlock only after both are verified. This is also the step that limits one offer per household.
- 3
Claim the offerunder 1 min
Either it lands automatically or a code goes into the promo field. Betninja runs NZ$10 free chip at the time of writing.
- 4
Play through the requirement3 days to complete
Winnings carry 20x wagering and pokies contribute 100% while table games contribute 5%. Playing the wrong category is what usually runs the clock out.
- 5
Verify and withdraw24 hours
Cashout is capped at NZ$200 regardless of what the balance reaches. Identity documents are always required before a no-deposit balance is released.
King billy casino no deposit bonus claim procedure step by step
Claiming a pre-deposit offer, where one is available, follows a similar sequence across most licensed operators, though the exact screens differ. The steps generally run as follows.
- Open registration and enter accurate personal details, since mismatched information later blocks verification.
- Create login credentials and confirm a mobile number, usually by entering a PIN sent by text.
- Accept the terms and conditions, which is also where the specific bonus code or automatic credit trigger appears.
- Wait for the free credit or free spins to post to the account, which on most platforms happens within minutes rather than hours.
- Play through the eligible games listed in the promotion terms, tracking the wagering progress from the account or bonus balance page.
- Submit identity documents when prompted, typically a photo ID and a proof of address, before any withdrawal request is processed.
- Request a withdrawal once the wagering requirement is cleared and the balance sits within any maximum cashout limit stated in the terms.
The verification stage sits between play and payout, and it is the point where a no-deposit bonus most often stalls. An operator will not release funds, bonus-derived or otherwise, until the account holder's identity, age and address are confirmed against submitted documents, and incomplete or inconsistent details at registration are the single most common reason this stage takes longer than a player expects. The scoring behind this order is explained in top online casinos NZ. See the play free pokies page for background on this topic.
King billy casino no deposit bonus verification stage and why it slows payouts
Identity verification exists to confirm that the person requesting a withdrawal is the account holder, that they meet the minimum age requirement, and that the funds are not linked to fraud or a duplicate account. For a no-deposit bonus specifically, verification is often required before the first withdrawal request is even accepted, rather than at the point of registration, which surprises players who assumed the account was already fully active. Standard documents requested include a government-issued photo ID, a recent utility bill or bank statement showing the current address, and occasionally a selfie holding the ID for a manual match. Processing this check can range from a few minutes with automated systems to one or two business days when documents are reviewed manually or when the submitted files are unclear, poorly lit or expired. Any mismatch between the name on the account and the name on the ID, or an address document older than the operator's stated limit, usually 3-6 months, restarts the review rather than simply delaying it. Because this stage sits directly between clearing the wagering requirement and receiving withdrawable cash, having documents ready before claiming any pre-deposit offer removes the most common source of delay. What a real-money session actually costs is compared in our online pokies real money NZ comparison. A separate page, wheelz casino, goes into this in detail.
King billy casino no deposit bonus wagering, max cashout and expiry explained
Three numbers decide whether a no-deposit offer is worth claiming at all, and they should be checked together rather than one at a time. The wagering requirement, commonly expressed as a multiplier such as 30x, 40x or 50x, states how many times the bonus amount, or sometimes the bonus plus winnings, must be staked before a withdrawal becomes possible; a 40x requirement on a NZ$10 credit means NZ$400 in total stakes before the balance clears. The maximum cashout caps how much of the winnings generated from that free credit can actually be withdrawn, regardless of how large the balance grows during play, and this figure is frequently set at a modest NZ$50-NZ$100 for pure no-deposit offers, far below what a lucky spin sequence might otherwise produce. Expiry sets the window in which the credit must be used and the wagering cleared, typically 24 hours to 7 days for spins and slightly longer for cash credits, after which any unused or unwagered balance is removed automatically. A free spins package worth NZ$20 in theoretical winnings can therefore realistically convert to nothing at all if the wagering is not cleared inside a 48-hour window, or to as little as NZ$50 if the winnings are capped well below what the spins generated on paper. The cost of play is broken down in the leovegas NZ page. If the entry cost matters more than the offer size, our minimum deposit $1 get $20 NZ comparison ranks the same sites by it.
Check these before you commit
Confirm the numbers in the cashier
Everything on this page is a comparison estimate; the cashier is the authority. Start with the minimum (NZ$30) and the fee (NZ$2 flat).
Complete verification early
Documents clear in about 24 hours. Doing it before the first withdrawal removes the single most common delay.
Set deposit and session limits first
Tools available: deposit limits, session timer, reality check, cool-off, self-exclusion. They are easier to set before a session than during one.
Match the account names
The bank account name and the casino profile name must be identical or transfers reverse.
Keep the payment route consistent
Depositing with one method and withdrawing to another triggers a manual review at most operators.
King billy casino no deposit bonus realistic cash value after the small print
The advertised figure on a no-deposit promotion is a ceiling, not an estimate of what a typical player walks away with. Working through a simple example makes the gap concrete: 20 free spins at NZ$0.20 per spin on a pokie with average volatility might return NZ$8-NZ$15 in bonus winnings, a modest but plausible outcome. If the wagering requirement is 35x and the maximum cashout is NZ$50, the player then needs to stake roughly NZ$280-NZ$525 in eligible games before that balance becomes withdrawable, and even a favourable run rarely nets more than the NZ$50 ceiling once wagering is cleared. Cash no-deposit credits behave similarly: a NZ$10 credit with 40x wagering and a NZ$100 cap requires NZ$400 in turnover, and most sessions end with the credit lost to variance well before the requirement is met, since the underlying games retain their normal house edge throughout. The realistic outcome for most accounts is that the free credit either expires unused, is lost during the wagering phase, or converts to a payout in the NZ$20-NZ$100 range once every limiting condition has been applied. None of this makes the offer worthless as an introduction to a platform's catalogue and interface, but it does mean the free amount should never be treated as guaranteed spending money. How the money gets in is covered separately in 5 dollar deposit casino. For the neighbouring question, see the online pokies NZ page.
King billy casino no deposit bonus restrictions that void the offer
Several conditions can cancel a no-deposit bonus outright, and they are worth naming plainly rather than discovering after a withdrawal is refused. A single account per household or per identity document is standard; a second account, even on a different email, typically forfeits both the bonus and any winnings derived from it. Geographic restrictions apply too, since a promotion advertised on a New Zealand-facing page can still exclude players connecting from certain regions or using a payment method registered outside the stated countries. Playing an excluded game, such as a jackpot pokie or a live casino table not listed among eligible titles, can void the wagering progress made up to that point, and in stricter terms it voids the entire bonus balance. Withdrawing or attempting to withdraw before the wagering requirement is cleared usually removes the remaining bonus funds rather than simply blocking the request. Using stake patterns that operators define as bonus abuse, for example placing the same wager repeatedly on a low-volatility game specifically to grind through a requirement with minimal risk, can trigger a manual review and, in some terms, forfeiture of winnings. Age and identity mismatches, or an address that does not correspond to New Zealand where the operator restricts the offer geographically, will also block payout at the verification stage. Reading the full terms before the first spin, rather than after a withdrawal is declined, is the only reliable way to avoid these outcomes.
King billy casino no deposit bonus availability across listed operators
Operator-by-operator, the presence of a genuine pre-deposit credit varies considerably, and the comparison table above should be treated as the current reference point rather than this paragraph. Wildz, for instance, structures its published New Zealand welcome offer around a first and second deposit match rather than a stand-alone no-deposit credit, so a new account gains no bonus balance simply by registering. PlayOJO similarly centres its onboarding around deposit-linked spins on its own model rather than a free credit issued before any deposit. SkyCity, operating as a New Zealand-facing brand, JackpotCity, Spin Casino, Ruby Fortune, Jonny Jackpot, Royal Panda, Betninja and Slotsdj each set their own promotional calendar, and any of them may run a limited-time no-deposit credit or free spins offer that is not part of their standing welcome package; where that is the case, the operator's own promotions page carries the current amount, wagering multiplier and expiry, and those figures should be treated as more current than any figure published elsewhere. Because pre-deposit offers rotate more frequently than deposit-matched welcome packages, checking the live promotions section immediately before registering is the only way to confirm what, if anything, is currently on the table without a deposit. For “what NZ online casino is best for slots?”, see the dedicated page. The smallest workable deposits are compared in our $1 deposit casino NZ comparison.
Answered directly
Is there really no deposit required?
For the offer itself, no: Betninja lists NZ$10 free chip. A deposit is normally still needed before winnings can be withdrawn, and identity documents always are.
What does the offer convert to in cash?
Cashout is capped at NZ$200 and winnings carry 20x wagering. That pair, not the headline number, sets the real value.
How long is there to use it?
3 days. Pokies contribute 100% towards the requirement while table games contribute 5%, so game choice decides whether the window is realistic.
Can the offer be claimed more than once?
One per person, household and device at every operator on this page. Duplicate accounts void the balance at the verification stage.
Why was a no-deposit win voided?
Most often a name mismatch at verification, a max-bet breach while bonus funds were active, or the cashout cap being ignored.
Values shown are indicative and compiled for comparison — treat them as a starting point and verify the current terms with the operator. 18+.
King billy casino no deposit bonus and full welcome packages compared
A no-deposit credit and a deposit-matched welcome bonus solve different problems for a new player, and comparing them side by side clarifies which is worth prioritising. A no-deposit offer costs nothing to claim but is capped low, both in the free amount and in the maximum cashout, making it useful mainly as a way to sample a platform's pokie catalogue and interface before committing any money. A deposit-matched bonus, by contrast, requires funding the account first but typically carries a larger headline value, a 100% or 50% match up to a stated ceiling, and sometimes a more favourable wagering multiplier because the operator has already received real money. A player deciding between the two should weigh how much they are prepared to risk against how much free testing time they need; someone who already knows they want to fund an account meaningfully will usually get more realistic value from a deposit-matched package, while someone who wants a genuinely free look at the games before spending anything should prioritise a no-deposit credit even at a modest NZ$5-NZ$20 level. Anyone comparing the full range of current promotions across the operators on this page is better served by the dedicated bonus overview than by treating this page's narrower no-deposit focus as the complete picture. Response times and escalation routes are measured in casumo casino. The related figures are collected in our online poker comparison.
Authorized operators and why licensing status still matters without a deposit
Claiming a no-deposit bonus still means handing over personal details, a mobile number and eventually identity documents, so the licensing status of the platform matters just as much as it would for a funded account. An Authorized operator is licensed by a recognised regulator, commonly the Malta Gaming Authority for the brands referenced on this page, and that licence is what obliges the operator to run fair, independently certified games, hold player funds separately from operating capital, and provide a route for dispute resolution if a bonus term is applied unfairly. A licence number displayed on an operator's site is not decorative; it is checkable against the regulator's own public register, and doing that check before submitting identity documents for a no-deposit offer is a reasonable precaution rather than excessive caution. None of the operators on this page should be assumed unlicensed simply because this article does not repeat their specific licence numbers, but a player who wants that detail confirmed should look it up on the operator's own site rather than take a third-party summary as final. What a fixed deposit buys at each operator is compared in the PayPal casino NZ guide. The cost of play is broken down in our cosmo casino rundown.
King billy casino no deposit bonus versus deposit-based first offers
Where an operator offers both a small no-deposit credit and a larger deposit-based welcome bonus, the two are not meant to be compared purely on headline size. A no-deposit credit generally exists to reduce the friction of registration, giving a hesitant player a reason to create an account rather than simply browsing the lobby as a guest. A deposit-based offer, once the account is funded, tends to carry the wagering that most affects real spending power, since it is calculated on a larger base amount and is the offer most players actually convert into gameplay balance. In practical terms, a player who claims a no-deposit credit first, tests the catalogue, and only then decides whether to fund the account and claim the deposit-based offer separately is following the sequence most operators design the two-stage onboarding around. Skipping the no-deposit stage changes nothing about eligibility for the later deposit bonus in most terms, but claiming both back to back, on the same account, in quick succession can sometimes trigger the bonus-abuse review mentioned above, so spacing the two out slightly is a sensible habit rather than a strict requirement. What happens when something goes wrong is covered in the Apple Pay guide. The cost of play is broken down in the skycity casino Auckland guide.
What a no-deposit bonus does not replace on a casino account
A free credit or a handful of free spins is not a substitute for reading the fuller picture of a casino before committing time to it, and several related questions are better answered elsewhere on this site rather than repeated here. Someone deciding purely on the strength of a no-deposit offer without checking anything else about an operator is skipping the more important comparison. The broader question of which platform ranks as the best online casino NZ overall depends on far more than its introductory offer, and that ranking sits on a separate page built specifically for that comparison. Readers focused on payout speed once real money is involved should look at the dedicated page covering best online casino payouts rather than assume a fast no-deposit credit implies a fast withdrawal later. Similarly, anyone whose priority is cashing out quickly after a deposit is better served checking the page on best online casino NZ fast withdrawal before assuming a pre-deposit credit says anything reliable about later payout timing.
Best Online Casino ranked by Max cashout
Ordered by Max cashout, best first. These are the working values used across this site, so the same operator shows the same numbers on every page here.
| # | Site | Max cashout | Pokies weighting | Verification | Deposit to continue |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Betninja | NZ$200 | 100% | 24 hours | NZ$30 |
| 2 | Slotsdj | NZ$100 | 100% | 12 hours | NZ$30 |
| 3 | Ruby Fortune | NZ$100 | 90% | 4 hours | NZ$25 |
| 4 | Royal Panda | NZ$200 | 90% | 24 hours | NZ$10 |
| 5 | PlayOJO | NZ$50 | 100% | 24 hours | NZ$5 |
| 6 | Wildz | NZ$100 | 100% | 2 hours | NZ$25 |
| 7 | SkyCity | NZ$50 | 90% | 24 hours | NZ$25 |
| 8 | Jonny Jackpot | NZ$100 | 100% | 2 days | NZ$10 |
| 9 | JackpotCity | NZ$200 | 100% | 2 days | NZ$20 |
| 10 | Spin Casino | — | 100% | 24 hours | NZ$50 |
Betninja takes the top slot on most usable no-deposit offer (NZ$200). At the other end of the table Spin Casino sits at — — the spread is the reason this page exists.
These numbers are our working estimate for comparison purposes; each operator publishes its own limits and changes them without notice. Check the current terms before depositing. 18+.
Free spins offers and how a king billy no deposit bonus compares in structure
Free spins packages advertised as a king billy no deposit bonus, or under similar naming by other operators, typically follow the same three-number structure covered above: a spin count, a per-spin value, and a wagering multiplier applied to whatever the spins generate. A package described as king billy casino 50 free spins, for example, would need its per-spin stake and eligible game named before its real value can be judged, since 50 spins at NZ$0.10 produces a very different ceiling to 50 spins at NZ$0.50. None of the operators listed for comparison on this page are confirmed to run an offer under that specific name at the time of writing, so any reader who has seen it advertised elsewhere should treat this page as background on how such offers generally work rather than as confirmation that the offer currently applies to a brand covered here. There is more on this in our Christchurch casino online rundown. Response times and escalation routes are measured in our online slots NZ comparison.
King billy casino no deposit bonus and account currency considerations
Free credit issued before a deposit is usually posted in whichever currency the account itself operates in, which for most New Zealand-facing operators means NZD is either the default or an available option during registration. Where an account defaults to a different currency, such as USD or EUR, any no-deposit credit and its associated wagering figures are calculated in that currency, and a conversion is applied only when a withdrawal is requested, sometimes at a rate that includes a small margin on top of the market rate. Checking which currency the account will run in before claiming a no-deposit offer avoids a mismatch where the wagering target looks smaller or larger than it actually is once converted back to New Zealand dollars. This is a minor point next to the wagering and cashout caps already discussed, but it is one more small print detail that changes the arithmetic of what a free credit is actually worth. For what is available before funding an account, see best online casino NZ free spins no deposit. Response times and escalation routes are measured in the galactic wins casino guide.
King billy casino no deposit bonus and responsible play with free funds
Treating a no-deposit credit as risk-free money to chase a big win is the most common way players end up frustrated with these offers, because the underlying games retain their normal house edge and volatility regardless of who funded the stake. The free amount should be treated the same way any entertainment budget is treated: worth trying, not worth building expectations around, and not a reason to deposit more than originally planned in an attempt to unlock a larger bonus or clear a wagering requirement faster. Setting a personal time limit for working through the wagering on a free spins package, rather than letting the expiry window itself decide when to stop, keeps the exercise from turning into a longer session than intended. Operators publish account tools including deposit limits, time-outs and self-exclusion, and these apply just as usefully to bonus-funded play as to real-money play; reviewing them through the account settings before claiming any promotion, no-deposit or otherwise, is a reasonable step for any new player. New Zealand's Gambling Helpline offers free, confidential support around the clock by phone on 0800 654 655 or by text to 8006, and that support is available regardless of whether the funds being wagered came from a deposit or from a free credit. This is picked up again in the jackpot city NZ guide. The question “what NZ online casino is best for high rollers?” gets a full answer of its own.
Terms that decide the value
The conditions attached to the offers above. Wagering and weighting decide the real cost; the expiry decides whether it is achievable at all.
| Site | Wagering | Max bet on bonus | Pokies weighting | Tables weighting | Offer expiry (days) | Max cashout |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Betninja | 20x | NZ$5 | 100% | 5% | 30 | NZ$200 |
| Slotsdj | 40x | NZ$5 | 100% | 0% | 30 | NZ$100 |
| Ruby Fortune | 40x | NZ$5 | 90% | 10% | 14 | NZ$100 |
| Royal Panda | 25x | NZ$10 | 90% | 5% | 30 | NZ$200 |
| PlayOJO | No wagering | NZ$10 | 100% | 10% | 30 | NZ$50 |
| Wildz | 30x | NZ$7 | 100% | 0% | 30 | NZ$100 |
| SkyCity | 20x | NZ$7 | 90% | 0% | 7 | NZ$50 |
| Jonny Jackpot | 1x on initial deposit | NZ$7 | 100% | 10% | 30 | NZ$100 |
| JackpotCity | 1x on initial deposit | NZ$10 | 100% | 10% | 21 | NZ$200 |
| Spin Casino | 10x | NZ$7 | 100% | 5% | 7 | NZ$200 |
Values shown are indicative and compiled for comparison — treat them as a starting point and verify the current terms with the operator. 18+.
Choosing where to claim a no-deposit style offer in New Zealand
With the mechanics covered, the practical question is which platform, if any, is worth registering with purely for a pre-deposit offer, and the honest answer is that this decision should not be made in isolation from the rest of a platform's account experience. A player weighing several of the operators listed for comparison here should read the full terms of whichever offer is currently live rather than rely on the headline figure alone, since the wagering multiplier and maximum cashout differ meaningfully between brands and between promotional periods. Anyone who plans to play mainly on a phone should also confirm that the eligible games for a given free spins package are available in the mobile client before claiming the offer, since a small number of pokies remain desktop-only on certain platforms; the dedicated page on best mobile online casino NZ covers that comparison in more depth than is useful to repeat here. For players whose interest extends beyond pokies into live tables, checking whether any free credit extends to live casino games at all is worth doing before assuming a no-deposit bonus applies broadly across a catalogue, since most such offers, as covered earlier, restrict themselves to a narrow list of slots. Larger bankroll players considering a bigger first deposit later should note that a no-deposit credit rarely signals anything about how an operator treats high-value accounts, and the separate comparison of what NZ online casino is best for high rollers? is the more relevant reference for that decision. Similarly, someone whose main interest is simply which platform suits pokies best overall should treat the question of what NZ online casino is best for slots? as a separate comparison from this page's narrower no-deposit focus, since a generous free spins offer does not necessarily indicate the strongest slots catalogue once real money is involved.
King billy casino no deposit bonus, safety checks and the broader NZ gambling landscape
Any offer that asks for identity documents in exchange for free credit should come from a platform whose licensing and account security can be verified independently, and that check matters more, not less, when no deposit has yet been made, since a player has invested time and personal data before any money. New Zealand's own regulatory position on offshore gambling continues to develop, and the Department of Internal Affairs remains the current source for what is and is not permitted for operators based overseas serving New Zealand players; that detail is covered on the dedicated safe online casino NZ page rather than repeated at length here. More broadly, the shape of online gambling NZ residents encounter, including how remote operators are treated under current rules, is shifting as a licensing framework is developed, and players should treat any specific eligibility claim with a check against current official guidance rather than assume prior rules still apply unchanged. Within that landscape, a no-deposit bonus is a small, low-risk entry point rather than a signal of an operator's overall standing, and the wider comparison of top online casinos NZ residents can register with safely is a more useful reference for account security than any single promotion.
Casino games eligible for free spins and where the value actually sits
Returning to the eligible-games question with more specificity, most free spins tied to a no-deposit credit are pinned to one or two named pokies chosen by the operator, usually a lower-to-medium volatility title with an RTP in a fairly typical 94-97% range, rather than left open across the catalogue. This design choice limits the operator's exposure while still giving a new player a genuine, if narrow, look at how a real spin plays out. Broader casino games, including blackjack, roulette and video poker, are almost never included in a no-deposit spins package, though a small cash credit, where offered instead of spins, may be usable more widely across the catalogue subject to the reduced contribution rates for table games described earlier. A player who wants to sample a specific pokie before wagering real money is generally better served checking whether that title offers a demo mode, which carries none of the wagering or expiry conditions attached to a bonus-funded spin, and reserving the actual no-deposit credit for a session where converting a small win into withdrawable cash is genuinely the goal.
Final view on king billy casino no deposit bonus offers in New Zealand
A pre-deposit credit is worth claiming when it costs nothing but a few minutes of registration and when the wagering multiplier, maximum cashout and expiry window have all been read before the first spin, not after. It is not worth treating as free spending money, not worth chasing past its expiry, and not a reliable signal of how generous or fast an operator will be once a real deposit is on the table. Readers who want the fuller comparison of deposit-matched welcome offers, real-money account setup and payout behaviour across the operators named on this page should treat this article as the narrow half of that picture, with the best online casino NZ real money comparison and the operator-specific promotions pages carrying the detail that a no-deposit bonus alone cannot.